HUMAN POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER 01:                                                                      CONCEPTIALIZATION

INTRODUCTION
The world population is increasing ever more rapidly. This is because it increases in geometrical fashion (i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128…) rather than arithmetically (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,). Death rate and infant mortality rates have been drastically reduced so that more children grow up and themselves have families.

Therefore; enormous as the world population is mere numbers do not present problem if all the people in area can be fed, clothed, educated, and employed. But this cannot always be done and this is why population growth creates problems.

Sometimes the main difficulties arise because people are not distributed evenly over the earth and because the age and sex structure of population varies widely from country to country. Only in term of these factors can we discuss whether a country is under-or- over-population.

Thomas Malthus was an English clergy who in 1798, published an essay on the principle of population in which he put forward the view that, “the power of population is indefinitely greater than the power of the earth to produce substance for man!” He thought that a balance could only be maintained if famine, diseases, or war periodically increased the death rate and reduce the population growth. His pessimistic ideas were accepted by several others nineteenth century scholars in England and France. 
 
 Definition of terms
(a)    Population refers to all number of people who inhabit an area, region or country or continent.
(b)      Human population is the total number of people occupying a particular area at a particular time.
(c)       Demography Is the scientific study of human population.
(d)      Development is the situation whereby a person increases in different skills and material wealth. Development is said to take place when poverty is reduced among the large number of people
(e)       Population size is the total number of people inhabiting a specific area over a specified period of time.
(f)       Population density refers to the relationship between total numbers of population in an area with the total area occupied by population in kilometer square.
(g)       Population structure refers to how population is made up in term of composition of population of sex, age, occupation, income, education, and other attributes.
(h)      Population explosion is the suddenly growth of population related to resources and food or accommodation availability.
(i)        Zero population is referred as grow or decline of population. Also zero population sometimes can be defined as stationary population growth.
(j)        Dependency ratio is the ratio between people engaged in production and those unproductive ones.
(k)      Sex refers to the natural biological differences between men and women.
(l)        Gender refers to the social or cultural distinction associated with being male or female. Man; indicate boy, male sex and masculine social role while women; indicates girl, female sex, and feminine social role.
(m)    Gross Domestic Product (DGP) is the total market value of all final goods and service produced with the domestic territory (country) in a year.
(n)      Brain drain is the migration or movement of large numbers of educated and very skilled people from their own country to another country where they tend to live and work due to better conditions and payment.
(o)   Population parameter. A population parameter is the true value of a population attribute.
(p)   Sample statistic. A sample statistic is an estimate, based on sample data, of a population parameter.

Characteristics of Population.
The following are some of the characteristics of population as namely below:-
  1. Population has age and sex structure. Any population has the composition/proposition of age and sex.
  2. Population characterized by variation in the level of development and technology.
  3. Population is unevenly distributed over the area. Some areas have low population and other area have high population hence no equal distribution of population from one place to another.
  4. Population is dynamic. Population is dynamic because due migration, Birth and death and not static/stagnant/station because there is an increase or decrease of population.
  5. Population usually faced with problems. Population is faced with problems like decease (HIV/AIDS), environmental calamities (famine, floods, earth, quakes etc.)

Importance of Studying Population (why do we study population?)
1.       It helps us to understand the distribution of people in a particular area, region or country.
2.       It helps geographers to know the total numbers of the population of an area.
3.       It may help the government to provide the social service of the known number of population in the country.
4.       To understand age and sex structure of a particular population in relations to its number.
5.       To know social dependency and working group in the country.

Population And Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is a process through which people can satisfy their needs and improve their quality of life in the present but not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Population sustainability means that, the population does not use more ecological resources than nature can regenerate

 Population can be unsustainable due to:
1.      Rapid population growth
2.      Overconsumption to the available resources
3.      Loss of biodiversity
4.      Shortage of resource
5.      Environmental pollution and degradation
For most people, aspiring to a better quality of life means improving their standards of living as measured by income level and use of resources and technology. However, sustainable development also requires equity. For example, economic and environmental goals will not be sustainable unless social goals – such as universal access to education, health care and economic opportunity – are also achieved.
At any level of development, human impact (I) on the environment is a function of population size (P), per capita consumption (C) and the environmental damage caused by the technology (T) used to produce what is consumed. This relationship is often described as a formula:

I = P X C X T

Currently, people living in the North have the greatest impact on the global environment. However, as standards of living rise in the South, the environmental consequences of population growth will increase. Ever-increasing numbers of people aspiring, justifiably, to ‘live better’, also increases the potential for damage to the environment beyond what we are already witnessing.
The debate over the environmental challenges of population growth cannot be reduced to assigning blame. Patterns of consumption and resource use in the industrialized countries of the North are certainly responsible for much environmental degradation in both the North and South. However, growing populations, whatever their levels of consumption, also place a burden on resources and the environment. Both current and new consumers need to address the consequences of their level

Relationship between population and development
1.      Population provides labor supply in all productive activities
2.      Population provides markets for market products
3.      Population act as the sources in development of science and technology
4.      Population is the means in solving population problems in social and economic development

Indicators for economic development
1.      GDP per capital
2.      Literate rate
3.      Poverty rate
4.      Life expectancy
5.      Percentage of people employed in agricultural sector
6.      Vehicle ownership (per 1, 000  people)

7.      diseases

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