DEFINITION OF TERMS

Absolute Humidity: it is the vapour concentration or vapour density 

Adiabatic lapse rate: the lapse rate which occurs when the temperature changes without addition or substitution of energy.

Aerosols: these are particulate matters.

Air mass: the large body or volume of air with uniform characteristics of temperature and humidity moving or covering a large area and moving along a considerable long distance.

Albedo: the ratio between incoming radiation and the amount reflected back into space expressed in percentage. 

 Altitude: the height of the ground measured from the mean sea level.

Anemometer: a tool measuring velocity or speed of wind.

Angle of incidence: The angle which rays from the sun strikes the earth’s surface.

Anticyclones: Are reverse of depression whereby air circulates away from the centre in a clockwise motion in the northern hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the southern hemisphere.

Aspect: the direction of to which a slope of the land masses faces the sun.

Atmosphere: the thin layer of gases, particulate matter and biotic matter held to the earth by gravitational attraction.

Atmospheric instability: the condition where the earth’s atmosphere is generally unstable due to weather being high in degree of variability through distance and time.

Atmospheric stability: the condition which the air in the atmosphere tends to rise or resist depending on weather condition surrounding areas.

Barometer: a tool that measures air pressure.

Bora: an extremely cold and dry wind north westerly which blows along the shore of the Adriatic Sea.

Campbell stock sunshine recorder: an instrument used for measuring and recording the duration of sunshine.

Capacity humidity: the ratio of mass of water vapour to that of the air coming it.

Climate: it is the average of weather conditions of an area which are observed, recorded and analyzed over a considerable long period of time (usually 30 years or over).

Climatic change: the change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time.

Climatology: it is the study of physical atmospheric condition particularly weather and climate together.

Cloud cover: it is the mixture of water droplets and ice produced by condensation in the atmosphere.

Condensation: the process through which atmospheric water vapour is converted into liquid as a result of cooling.

Conduction: it is the movement of heat energy from one molecule to another without changes in their relative position.

Convergence zones: are the regions where two air mass meet.

Coriolis forces: are forces created by the rotation of the earth and sometimes they are known as Ferrelis Law of Deflection.

Cyclones: are centre of low pressure surrounded by closed isobars having increased pressure outward.

Divergence zones: are the areas where two air masses move away from one another.

Doldrums: are winds formed and found along or near equator which are known as equatorial wind system.

Drizzle: the fall of numerous uniform minutes’ droplets of water having diameter of less than 0.5mm.

Earth’s net radiation: the balance between incoming and outgoing energy at top of the atmosphere.

Environmental lapse rate: the situation whereby temperature decreases by increase of altitude.

Evaporation: the process in which liquid water turns into water vapour and rise up.

Evaporimeter: a tool that measures the rate and amount of evaporation.

Exosphere: the last layer which reaches beyond 960km from the earth’s surface.

Fog: a thin cloud consisting of microscopically small water droplets which are kept in suspension in the air near the surface and reduces the horizontal visibility to greater than 1km.

Front: a line or zone where two contrasting air masses converge or meet.

Gaseous matter: are permanent gases and fixed in volume, including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ozone and argon.

Global warming: a gradual increase in world temperature caused by polluting gases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the earth and prevent heat escaping into space.

Greenhouse: it is the situation in which the atmosphere traps and retains heat energy from the sun in the lower levels leading to the rise in temperature.

Hail: is the one of the components in precipitation which consists of large pallets of ice that are known as hailstone having diameter of 50mm.

Harmattan: the warm and dry wind blowing from east-west across Sahara desert.

Heat: the amount of energy in a body.

Heat budget: the balance between the amount of solar radiation received by the earth’s surface and its atmosphere and the amount of heat lost from the earth by outgoing terrestrial long wave radiation from the earth’s surface and lost heat from the atmosphere.

Horse latitude winds: these are winds develops in area where the trade winds and westerly winds diverge.

Humidity: the amount of water vapour or moisture in the atmosphere.

Hurricanes: the extensive tropical cyclones surrounded by close isobars.

Hydrological cycle: the endless or continuous process interchanges of water between the atmosphere, the land and water bodies. 

Hygrometer: an instrument for measuring water vapour content of air or relative humidity of the air.

Insolation: the amount of solar energy received at the earth’s surface.    

Isobars: Are lines drawn on the map showing pressure.

Isobaths: Are lines drawn on the map showing water depth.

Isohels: Are lines drawn on the map showing sunshine.

Isohyets: Are lines drawn on the map showing rainfall.

Isotherms: Are lines drawn on the map showing temperature.

Jetstream: are the strongest belt of winds formed near the tropopause and they blow from west to east.

Lapse rate: the situation whereby temperature decrease with the increase in altitude or increase with decrease of altitude.

Line-squall: is the word meaning to a sudden strong winds or short storms.

Long wave radiation: the energy radiating from the earth as infrared radiation at low energy to space.

Mesosphere: the third layer extending to about 80 – 90km separated from the stratosphere by the layer (Ozone) of discontinuity called stratopause.

Meteorology: the scientific study dealing with the atmosphere and its phenomena, including weather and climate.

Mistral: Is the cold wind which commonly blows in Spain and France from north-west to south-west direction.

Monsoon: is an Arabic word meaning season. Therefore, monsoon wind is the season wind.

Natural region: a region which possesses a uniformity of relief, climate, natural vegetation, types of animals as well as human activities.

Ozonosphere: the lower region of stratosphere containing relatively concentration of ozone.

Precipitation: a falling down of water, moisture or frozen water from the atmosphere towards the earth’s surface.

Pressure (atmospheric pressure): the force applied at a point in the earth’s surface due to the weight of air above that point.

Radiation: the process by which heat energy is emitted from a body.

 Rainfall: one of the precipitation whereby water droplets falls from high in the atmosphere into the earth’s surface.

Rain gauge: an instrument that measures the amount of rain that has fallen over a specific time period.

Reflection: the ability of an object to reflect waves without altering either the object or the waves

Relative humidity: the ratio of the amount of water vapour actually presented in the air having definite volume and temperature.

Sirocco: is a warm, dry and dusty winds blow in northern direction from Sahara desert.

Sleet: one of precipitation form, which involves mixture of snow and rain at the same time.

Snow: one of precipitation form, formed when water vapour condenses at a temperature below freezing point passing directly from the gaseous to sold state and forming minute speckles of ice.

Stevenson’s screen: the white wooden box which is mounted on four legs, used to house the hygrometer and thermometer for measuring humidity and temperature respectively.

Stratosphere: the second layer which extends to about 50km from the earth’s surface. It is also known as ozonosphere. 

Sublimation: the process in which water vapour changes directly into sold state without passing through liquid state.

Sunshine: the sun’s rays that reach the surface of the earth.

Temperate cyclones: are atmospheric disturbances having low pressure in the centre and increasing pressure outward.

Temperature: the degree of hotness or coldness of an object or a place.

Temperature inversion: an increase in temperature with height or to the layer (inversion layer) within which such an increase occurs.

Thermometer: an instrument that used for measuring temperature.

Thermosphere: this is the fourth layer in the atmosphere which is separated from mesosphere by ozone of discontinuity known as mesospause. 

Thunderstorms: are local storms characterized by cloud thunder and lightning.

Tornadoes: are dark funnel shaped storms which are smallest but most violet disastrous of all storms. 

Transmission: the process whereby a wave passes completely through a medium as when light waves are transmitted.   

Tropical cyclones: are cyclones normally developed in the region lying between the tropics of Capricorn and cancer. 

Troposphere: the first lowest bottom layer in the atmosphere.

Water spouts: are storms that characterized by rapid whirling water drops sent out with great force caused by intense pressure system that is similar to a tornado which develops over the sea.

Water vapour: the suspended liquid particles in the atmosphere.

Weather: the atmospheric condition of a place which occurs at a particular short period of time.

Weather forecasting: the prediction of weather conditions of an area at a given time.

Weather station: a place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements takes place.

Wind: is the movement of air from high pressure to low pressure.

Wind vane: an instrument uses for measuring direction of wind blow. 

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