CHAPTER 05: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Definition of Terms:
Manufacture is the situation of uses of
machine to make goods or materials, usually in large number or amounts. Manufacturing
is the process or business of producing goods in factories (also known as production). Industry
is any form of economic activities in which people produce goods or provide
services for their uses or sales.
Manufacturing industry is an industry
that involves large scale of production of goods using machines. Industrialization refers to the
establishment of industries in a country on a given area (alternatively; it is
when the country develops many industries). An important note: Manufacturing
industry also refers to the secondary industries; because, products of primary
industries turn them into useful products.
Types of Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing
industries are involved in converting raw materials into semi processed or
finished products. Therefore, manufacturing industries can be into two broad
categories:
1. Processing industries
2. Fabrication industries.
1.
Processing Industries: These are industries that use raw material from
the primary industries and convert them into goods that can be used as raw
materials. Examples of processing industries are cotton ginneries, coffee
factories and sisal factories.
2. Fabrication Industries: Are
industries that use raw materials from processing industries to come up with
new products. Most of these industries use steels to make machinery.
Note:
Sometimes, manufacturing industries are as light
(processing) and heavy (fabrication)
industries: 1. Light industries:
Involves in manufacturing products that are not bulky or heavy. Examples of
light industries include food processing, printing, electronics, textile,
plastic and cosmetics industries among others.
2.
Heavy industries: Involves in manufacturing heavy and bulky products.
These are made by using raw materials like iron and steel. Examples of heavy
industries are car making industries and ship building industries among others.
Conditions for Location of Manufacturing
Industries
Factors
influencing or facilitating the location of manufacturing industries involves
the decision to establish an industry in a particular place in depending a
number of factors as follows:
1.
Availability of raw materials. The presence of raw material is an
important factor to the establishment of manufacturing industries in an area
and in the country as well.
2.
Availability
of energy and power supply. Industries cannot be established without
energy or power. The availability of power and energy in an area such as coals,
petroleum and electricity tends to influence the manufacturing industries to be
established in order to reduce the cost for transporting powers and energy to
the industries.
3.
Presence of labor or man power. Human resource is an important factor
in the location of industries. Manufacturing Industries needs skilled and
unskilled workers to support the works in industries.
4.
Availability of capital. A lot of money is needed in the investment of
manufacturing industries, like money for establishing infrastructures,
importing raw materials, payment for workers among others.
5.
Presence of market. Availability of market close to the industry may
cut for costs of transportation from industrial areas to the market areas;
hence, an industry can be established.
6.
Presence of transport and communication. The industrial area must be
well linked with transport and communication system from the source of raw
materials, to the industrial area as well as to the market area by road,
railways, ports and communication networks.
7.
Government support. Government policies and supports play a big role in
influencing the establishment of manufacturing industries. The government
support and encouragement may facilitate for the concentration of industries in
an area. Government support can be provision of loans, security, incentives,
services, and infrastructure to the industrial owners.
8.
Availability of water Supply. Most of industries needs lot amount of
water in their operations, like cooling machines, washing raw material and in
making ingredients in various products, hence, constant water supply is
required.
9.
Industrial inertia and historical factors. The tendency of old
industries where they are located even when the factors favoring their location
are no longer important (this is referred as industrial inertia). In addition,
this may be due to reason such as availability of skilled and experienced labor,
well-developed transport and communication networks and the fear for the
expenses may be incurred in moving to the new place.
Factors Limiting for the Establishment of
Manufacturing Industries
The followings
are factors or reasons hindering for establishment of manufacturing industries: Lack of capital, poor government support, shortage
of skilled labor, poor transport and communication system, high competition in
markets, poor water supply, poor energy and power supply, high competition from
other economic sectors, such as mining, challenges from environmentalists on
the issue of environmental protection and shortage of raw materials.
Manufacturing
industry contributes to the economic growth and development of a country.
Manufacturing industry is important in the following some of reasons:
Act
as source of employment: When manufacturing industries are established,
they require people to work in them, hence act as the source of employment to
the people in the country.
A
source of foreign currency (foreign exchange): The products that are
manufactured in a country are exported to other countries, and this generates foreign
currency in the country.
It
stimulates the development of infrastructures:
Industries require proper transport and communication
infrastructure to function well, hence led to the development of
infrastructures like roads, railways, and water and airways.
It
leads to the development of agricultural production: Most of
manufacturing industries obtain raw materials from agricultural production in
order to manufacture readymade goods, hence facilitate for the increase of
agricultural production.
Improve
international relations: Production
from manufacturing industries improves international relations through
international trades that make interaction among the people of different
countries and continents.
Reduces
dependence on imports: A country that is well developed in
manufacturing industries is able to meet the needs of its people, hence may
reduce dependence on importation from other countries.
It
encourages to the improvements of social services: Social services like water supply,
power and energy supply, education and health services.
Encourages
on the exploitation of resources: Manufacturing industries needs
natural resources like minerals, materials from forest and water to make read-made
goods that ready to be used, hence may encourage on the exploitation of natural
resource.
Negative Impacts or Effects of
Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturing
industries have the following effects, both on environmental, economic and
social aspects:
1.
Lead to land degradation: This is
because on clearing the forest for establishing industries and extraction of
raw materials and natural resources on the land.
2.
Cause for environmental pollution: This
is through air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and noise pollution,
through emission of chemicals, smokes, and waste disposal that pollute the
environment.
3.
Lead to the occurrence of diseases: These diseases are due to pollution
on the environment that caused by industries. Pollution of water may lead for
water borne diseases like typhoid, diarrhea and cancer. Air pollution may cause
for diseases like Tuberculosis (TB) and bronchitis; while noise pollution may
cause for disease like mental problems and stress.
4.
Decline of other economic activities:
This is due to the fact that, people and the government may involve much on
manufacturing industries, hence other economic activities like tourism,
lumbering, to mention a few, may decline.
5.
Cause for overpopulation: Development
of manufacturing industries may cause for the overpopulation in an area, hence
may lead for the eruption of communicable diseases, increase of crimes, shortage
of food and social services.
Industrial Pollutants
Pollutants are
substances that make air, water, soil (environment) to be harmful or polluted. Industrial pollutants are substances
that produced by factories that cause pollution on the environment. Pollutants
from industries are into four types that are namely below:
1.
Gases pollutants: Industrial activities results on the emission of
harmful smokes and gases into the atmosphere. Such gases include sulphur
dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and other
hydrocarbons.
2.
Particulates or particles: Sometimes industries emit harmful particles,
into the environment in the course of their activities. These particles include
dust particles, pieces of glass and plastics among others.
3.
Noise: Noise is a loud, unwanted and disturbing sound. Most of
industries produce a lot of noise from the machines they use.
4.
Liquid: Liquid pollutants are all harmful fluid. Emitted harmful
liquids from manufacturing industries are; sewage oils, toxic chemicals among
others.
Ways which can be used to Reduce Industrial
Pollution
The following
are the ways in which can be used to reduce industrial pollution:
1.
Industries should be allocated away from residential
areas.
2.
Recycling of industrial waste materials should be
encouraged.
3.
Complete combustion of fuels in industrial machines
should be observed.
4.
Industrial wastes should be well lubricated to reduce
noise pollution.
5. There
should be establishment and enforcement of proper rules and law to guide
industrial owners on how to treat and dispose of the various wastes.
6. There
should be other activities developed to avoid over dependency on manufacturing
industries only.
7. Environmental
Impact Assessment (E.I.A) should be carried out before establishing
manufacturing industries.
Types of Manufacturing Industries that are found
in East Africa
There are
different types of manufacturing industries in East Africa. They can be grouped
as:
1.
Energy and power industries: These industries deal with generation of
electricity e.g. Hydroelectric Power
(HEP) as well as extraction of gas and refining of oil.
2.
Metal Industries: Metal industries, are industries that are involved in
the production of finished products from iron and steel. Examples of these
industries are those, which manufacture iron sheets for roofing.
3.
Lumbering industries: These
are industries produce timber, wood, pulp, and other materials from like
papers.
4.
Food processing industry: These are most common among the East African
countries. They process agricultural products and produce into other new
products.
5.
Textile industries: They process fibers from cotton, wool and other
fibers into finished products such as clothes. Examples of textile industries
are Mwatex, Kilitex, and Sunguratex.
6.
Chemical industries: These
industries produce products by using mixture of chemicals. Examples of products
produced by these industries are; soaps, fertilizers, toothpaste, and plastics.
7. Tobacco
processing and cigarettes making industries: In Tanzania there are
several tobacco processing and cigarettes making industries mostly located in
Dar es Salaam.
Cars Production in Japan
Japan is an
island country that found in the part of East Asian continent. Japan is made up
by islands like Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku among others. Japan is among of the
industrialized countries in the world. It is also among of the leading
countries in manufacturing cars like Toyota, Isuzu, Suzuki and Mitsubishi as
well as auto car parts.
Factors
Influencing for the Growth of Cars Manufacturing in Japan
The growth of
car manufacturing in Japan has been influenced by the following factors:
a) Technological development.
b) Adequate capital.
c) Market availability
d) Availability of manpower or labor
e) Good infrastructure.
f)
High degree
of government support.
Production of Electronic Equipment in South
Korea
South Korea is
located in Eastern Asia. South Korea produces electronic equipment like
television, iron, watches, radios, memory cheeps (memory cards), calculator,
and video players. Most of the leading companies that produce electronic equipment
than others are: LG, and Samsung.
Factors
have led to the development and growth of South Korean’s electronic equipment
industry:
1.
Adequate capital.
2.
Availability of labor.
3.
Advancement of technology.
4.
Government support.
5.
International relations.
6.
Well-developed infrastructure.
7.
Availability of energy.
Industries in Tanzania
Textile
industries in Tanzania developed in the year of 1970’s by the effort of the
government. However, with the
liberalization of the economy in 1990’s, led to the collapse of textile
industry such as Mwanza textile industries, Musoma textile industries, and
those survived operated at minimal production capacities.
The Tanzanian
government has made a big effort to revive the textile sectors through
privatization, joint venture and encouraging investment by reducing duty of
paying tax, simplifying export procedure and relaxing exchange controls. The
following are the some of the problems facing textile industry in Tanzania:
1.
Outdated machinery.
2.
High cost of spare parts.
3.
Lack of personnel.
4.
High competition from second hand clothes (called mitumba)
5.
High taxes.
6.
Lack of capital.
7.
Poor infrastructure.
8.
Poor management and administration.
9.
High cost of chemicals that are used in color mixing.
Ways
to be done in Order to Encourage Development of Textile Industries in Tanzania:
1.
The government should support the textile industries
financially.
2.
There is a need for the textile industries to be up to
date in terms of technology.
3.
Market research should be a conducted into development
of new products that give an edge to the textile industries.
4.
There should be improvements of transport and
communication.
5.
The government should come up with reasonable policies
for the textile industries.
6.
There is a need to train enough labor related technical
expertise in textile industry.
7.
There should be an improvement of textile industries.
Lessons
Tanzania Learn from Japan and South Korea’s Industries
The following
are some of the reasons in which Tanzania have to take a lesson from Japan and
South Korean’s industries:
1. Manufacturing
industries in South Korea and Japan are well managed. This is the lesson to
Tanzania industries.
2. The well-developed
transport and communication in South Korea and Japan play the big role in
development of industries. Through this, also Tanzania should develop its
transport and communication infrastructure, so as textile industries and other
industries to develop.
3. Japan and
South Korean’s industries have developed because of emphasis or research. The
Tanzania textile industries should therefore carry out research in order to
improve their products and methods of production.
4. The spirit of
commitment and hard work played a major role in the industrial development of
Japan and South Korea. Also, Tanzania should encourage commitment and hard
working in its industries.
5. Tanzania
should produce high quality products in its industries as Japan and South Korea
does.
6. Tanzania
should keep up to date its industries as Japan and South Korea do, to keep up
with technological advancement.
7.
Japan and South Korea exploit different resources of energy, making power cheap
and reading available. Tanzania should follow this example and exploit various
sources of power and energy rather than depending on hydroelectricity. This
will make energy and power more cheap and available to industries.
TRIAL QUESTIONS
1. Define the following terms:
a) Pollution
b) Industry
c) Manufacture
d) Manufacturing industry
e) Industrialization
2. In what ways is the manufacturing
industry is very important to Tanzania.
3. (a)
Name the types of industrial pollution.
(b) State four ways of reducing pollution
from industries.
4. Explain for the impacts of
manufacturing industries on the environment.
5. What are sources of industrial
pollutants and how industrial pollutants affects environment and people as
well.
6. Highlight five points on the factors
influencing location of manufacturing industries.
7.
Write short notes on the types of manufacturing industries.
8. Discuss for the Factors influenced
for growth of cars (automobile) manufacturing industry in Japan.
9. Describe the problems facing textile
industries in Tanzania and ways to be used to alleviate such problems.
10.
Which lessons may Tanzania learn from South Korean’s electronic
equipment industry?
Comments
Post a Comment
Thanks for viewing and passing through NMEE blog. Keep following the blog