CHAPTER 08: SUSTAINABLE MINING
Mining
is the process of extracting minerals and fossil fuels from the earth’s crust.
Also mining is the process of extracting different minerals and fuels from the
earth’s ground. Sustainable mining refers to the controlled extraction of minerals
and fossil fuels with minimum environmental destruction. Mining industry divided into two major types, namely:
(1)
Metal mining industry.
(2)
Non-metal mining industry.
1.
Metal Mining Industry: This mining industry involves extraction of
metal minerals like gold, copper and Iron among others.
2.
Non-Metal Mining Industry: It is the type of mining industry that
involves the extraction of nonmetals minerals like salt, oil, and diamond.
Types of Minerals
Types of minerals
are in three main categories:
(1)
Metallic
minerals.
(2)
Energy minerals
(3)
Non-metallic minerals
1.
Metallic minerals: these are types of mineral that comprises iron
minerals. Examples of metallic minerals are gold, silver, led, and iron.
2. Non-metallic
minerals: These are types of minerals that does not consist elements of
iron. Examples of these minerals are asbestos and graphite.
3.
Energy minerals: These are types of minerals that contain fossil
materials. Examples of these minerals are coal, natural gas and petroleum.
Distribution of Mining Region in the World:
1.
Coal: Coal is an organic mineral with a long history of usage by man.
China is a leading producer of coal minerals in the world, followed by U.S.A,
European Union, South Africa. Tanzania also extracts coals for some extent at
Mchuchuma.
2.
Petroleum: Petroleum is the source of heat and lighting and used for
lubricants of machines. Oil produces; diesel, kerosene and aviation fuel. The
leading producers of petroleum are Saudi Arabia, Russia, United Arabs-Emirates,
Nigeria and Angola. Tanzania is also in expectation for petroleum
extraction.
3.
Iron Ore: Iron ore processed to come up with iron, which is the most
commonly used metal. Producers are China, Brazil, USA, Australia and South
Africa.
4.
Diamond: A diamond is hard types of stone, which is into various uses.
Diamonds are used to cut glass, making rings bracelets and necklaces. Major
world producers of diamond are South Africa (at Kimberley), Botswana, Russia
and Australia. In Tanzania, diamond mined at Mwandui in Shinyanga region.
5.
Gold: Gold is into various uses, especially in decoration, making rings
bracelets and necklaces. Major world producers of gold are: South Africa, Ghana
among others. In Tanzania, gold mined at
Kahama, Geita and Nyamongo.
Methods of Mining
The following are
the mains three methods of mining:
1.
Underground (shaft) mining method.
2.
Open cast (strip) mining method.
3.
Alluvial (placer) mining method.
1.
Underground (shaft) Mining Method: It is the method, which is used to
extract minerals that are found deep in the ground. The method involves digging
a deep hole (shaft) to the lower level in the ground.
2.
Open Cast Mining Method: It is the method that involves the removal of
the upper surface layer of soil in which minerals are found. The method is
cheap. In addition, this method it is known as strip method.
3.
Alluvial Mining Method: This is the method of mining that mainly used
in extracting minerals in river valleys. This method is also known as placer or panning method.
Ways of Processing Various Minerals:
Mineral
processing is the situation of converting mined minerals from actual kind into
other kind ready for the intended use. The following are ways of processing
various minerals:
Copper
processing: Copper mined as an ore. Copper crushed into small pieces,
it is then mixed with water in additional with chemicals into a floatation
machines. Copper particles floats and are the removed. These particles are
dried and sent to the copper smelters. Smelters reduce the concentrates to
copper blister. The copper blisters used to trace small pieces of gold, zinc or
any other minerals.
Iron
Processing: The process of iron involves crushing the ore to get small
particles of the waste rock. The product then concentrated to form pellets which followed by production of Pig iron that made into steel by melting
it to remove all of its impurities after which small amount of other metals are
added make different types of steel. There are four (4) main forms of Iron ore:
(1) Hematite - This contains about 70% of Iron.
(2) Limonite – This contains less than 60% of
Iron.
(3) Magnate – Whose iron contents is about 70%.
(4) Siderite – Which an iron contents is about
30%.
Gold
Processing: The ore is crushed and dissolved in a solution of sodium
cyanide. This chemical dissolves the gold particle leaving behind stone and
other mineral waste. The sodium cyanide solution containing gold particle is
drained off and mixed with Zinc dust, which causes the gold particles to
solidify. The particles are then melted and molded into bars called ingots.
Contribution of the Mining Industry to the
Development of Tanzania
Mining industry
has some of the following economic importance in Tanzania:
1. Provide
employment opportunities: The mining industry act as source of employment
opportunities in the country because many people are employed in the sector,
hence solve the problem of unemployment.
2.
Led to the urbanization: Mining industry attracts many people to the
area, hence led to the growth of towns; for example, at Mwandui, Greita and Kahama.
3.
Facilitates to the development of other sectors: The mining industry
facilitates to the development of other sectors like agriculture, trade,
transportation and communication.
4.
Provides of materials: Products from mining industry are the raw
materials for the different uses to human activities. For example, salt for
domestic uses, diamond for cutting glass and gypsum for cement making industry.
5.
Act as the source of foreign currencies: Mining industry facilitates to
the country in earning more foreign currencies that are uses for exportation by
the government.
6.
Mining industry contributes to the government revenue: Mining industry
is the source of government revenue that can be used in different developmental
activities in the country, like paying workers, provision of social services
among others.
Effects of Mining Industry on the
Environment
Mining industry has
some of the serious negative effects or impacts on the environment:
1. Cause for the environmental pollution:
Ming activities cause for noise, air water and land pollution.
2. Led to the soil erosion: Mining
activities may led to the loose of soil on the land that may be eroded easily.
3. Cause for deforestation: Mining involves
cutting down trees, hence lead to the deforestation on the area. This leave the
land bared with no vegetation cover.
4. Lead to the land degradation: Mining
industry creates new features on the earth’s surface, like large holes, hence
land degradation.
5. Cause for the loss of biodiversity.
Mining activities may lead to the death of organism and living things due to
the disturbances of the environment.
Ways of Minimizing Effects of Mining
Industry on the Environment
Some of the ways
of minimizing the negative effects of mining industry on the environment are as
follows:
(1) Formulation of laws: There should be
created laws that may ensure for the protection of environment against the
mining activities.
(2) Provision of education: All those who
will engage in the extraction of minerals have to be given education on how to
protect the environment.
(3) Rehabilitation of land: Once the
minerals are exhausted, the lands should be rehabilitated through planting tree
(both afforestation and reafforestation).
(4) To carry extensive research: Before an
establishment of mining, there should be a research of the place so as to make
the players to ensure the protection of environment.
(5) Establishment of other economic activities:
There should be an establishment of other economic activities in order to avoid
much engagement on mineral extraction that lead to the effect on the
environment.
(6) Prohibition in the use of bad method of
mineral extractions that lead problems to the environment, like that of
open cast method of mining.
Case Study: Oil Production in the Middle
East
The Middle East
is the largest oil-producing region in the world. The main producers of oil in
the region are; Saud Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, and the United Arabia-Emirate.
Others are Qatar and Yemen. Most of these countries in the Middle East are the member
of the Organization of Petroleum
Exploiting Countries (OPEC) which plays the great roles of fixing the oil
prices
Advantages
or Importance of Oil Production in the Middle East:
(1)
Source of employment opportunity.
(2)
Source of foreign currencies.
(3)
Promote to the improvement of social service.
(4)
Facilitate to the improvement of transport and
communication.
(5)
Provision of energy and power.
(6)
Promote international relation.
(7)
Facilitates for the development of other economic
sectors.
Activity: discuss for the factors influencing development of oil production in the
countries of Middle East.
Case Study: Production of Natural Gas in
Tanzania
Natural gas is
the products obtained from fossilized organic matter. Tanzania has managed to
extract natural gas at Songosongo at Kilwa in Lindi region. The gas produced at
Songosogo transported by pipeline to the destination. Also gas is produced in
Mtwara region.
Advantages
or Importance of Natural Gas in Tanzania:
(1)
It is the source of employment opportunities in
Tanzania.
(2)
Provides power and energy for different use; both
domestic and industrial uses.
(3)
It is the source of government revenue.
(4)
Led to the low cost of electricity.
(5)
For some extent, it is environmental friendly.
(6)
Can be easily transported and packaged for different
uses.
Disadvantage
of Natural Gas Production in Tanzania:
a.
Natural gas is high expensive.
b.
It is a non-renewable resource, hence can be exhausted.
c.
Need a lot of money for construction of pipeline.
d.
In construction of pipe line leads to the destruction
of properties with a lot of compensation.
TRIAL QUESTIONS
1. Define the following terms:
a. Mining.
b. Mineral.
c. Sustainable mining.
d. Mineral processing.
2. Write short notes on the following:
a) Mining industry.
b) Types of mining methods.
c) Types of minerals.
d) Minerals processing.
3. Explain for the factors that
influences for the development of mining industry.
4. Highlight for the general economic
importance of mining industry.
5. What are the general negative
effects of mining industry?
6. Discuss for the effects of mining on
the environment.
7. Suggest for the possible solutions
of negative effects of mining industry.
8. Shows the role of mining industry in
the economic development in Tanzania.
9.
Identify the factors limiting mining development in Tanzania.
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